do we have a fear of the female?

Over the break, I watched For the Bible Tells Me So, a documentary by Daniel Karslake that examines the ways in which the Bible is mis-used to suggest that Christians should not accept homosexuality. It is a fantastic film, which really examines the source of fear and hate, and I highly recommend to everyone.

In addition to recommending it for its intended subject and merit, I was really struck by one particular passage which directly ties to my blog.

In this excerpt, Gene Robinson, the Bishop of the Diocese of New Hampshire in the (U.S. Episcopal Church), posits that men fear (male) homosexuality because it makes them think about "a man allowing himself to be treated like a woman, and there's nothing worse..." Other people go on to further suggest that fear of homosexuality is fueled by a "hatred of women," noting that "when the coach wants to humiliate his team, he calls them 'a bunch of girls.' Why does that work? Because: the worst thing you can do to a man is call him a woman."

(The specific clip to which I am referring starts at 2:26.)



I'd really like to hear your responses:

What do you think - do we have a fear of the female? Do we hate women?

image crisis

I want to discuss something that has been addressed in the media recently, which strongly ties to the social expectation of women as expressed through advertising.

It starts with this image:



If this picture looks strange to you, it's probably because the image of model Filippa Hamilton has been altered to the point of Bratz doll proportions.

So much to talk about. Let's begin with the fact that this is the way Filippa Hamilton looks without editing:



This woman is gorgeous. (Bonus: she's also able to support the weight of her top half without collapsing.) What does it say about our culture that her employers felt that this woman wasn't good enough as she exists to sell their patchwork jeans and ruffly plaid shirt? What does it say about our culture that companies usually use images of women in advertising that are edited past reality - but are rarely "called out" about it? What does it mean for females that the "ideal" image is so unattainable that even someone like Filippa Hamilton must be digitally altered to reach it?

Now let's talk a bit about accountability.

The Ralph Lauren ad was originally pointed out as ridiculous by the blog Photoshop Disasters, and Ralph Lauren responded by sending a DMCA takedown notice to Blogspot, who, as most ISPs would have, automatically removed the "offending" post. Photoshop Disasters has chronicled the experience here.

Boing Boing, a zine-turned-blog (hosted by a Canadian ISP that "[does not] automatically act on DMCA takedowns") that describes itself as "a directory of wonderful things," took up the cause here and later - after the DMCA request - here.

Days later, as reported by The Huffington Post, Ralph Lauren fessed up with this statement:

"For over 42 years, we have built a brand based on quality and integrity.

"After further investigation, we have learned that we are responsible for the poor imaging and retouching that resulted in a very distorted image of a woman's body.

"We have addressed the problem and going forward will take every precaution to ensure that the calibre of our artwork represents our brand appropriately."

No mention was made of the attempts to silence the blogs in their comments on the original advertisement.

Additionally, Filippa Hamilton stated in an interview that she had recently been fired from Ralph Lauren for, essentially, being "too fat." She chose to speak up after the photoshopped image appeared in the media and she saw what the company had done with her image.

Advertisers need to be held accountable for their responsibility in the creating the crisis of female body image that exists in America.

critical consciousness

In the second chapter of Contemporary Issues in Art Education, an essay entitled "Narratives Empowering Teachers and Students: Educational and Cultural Practice," Barakett and Saccá discuss the topics of oppression and silence. A variety of individual experiences are presented in the individuals' own words, quoted from research interviews.

Barakett and Saccá touch upon the idea of critical consciousness, which can be explained in this way:

"Coined by Brazilian educator Paulo Freire in the 1960s, the term "critical consciousness" was at first applied mainly in the field of adult education. Translated from the Portuguese word conscientizadora, critical consciousness was defined by Dr. Freire as a state of in-depth understanding about the world and resulting freedom from oppression."

(This definition comes from this website. I also looked at this one.)

The essential conflict inherent in a situation of power imbalance was well-described in this essay as "the dilemma is between [the individual's] own well-being and the way our society functions." I found this to be an apt and elegant explanation of a complex problem. I think it connects both on a descriptive level as well as a restrictive level: a person may encounter difficulty because society does not function in a way that benefits their well-being (for example, when "Nathalie" states that "they see your colour before they see anything else"), but a person may also recognize what they could do to benefit their well-being and choose not to pursue it because they understand that it will place them in jeopardy with the way that society functions (when "Roxanne" talks about wanting to "fight" against injustice, but that it will get in the way of her success - that "people will start passing me and I'd still be fighting over this").

The quotes from each individual included in the essay mostly revolve around times that they felt marginalized, helpless, or powerless because of race or, in one instance, blindness. What stood out to me was the idea of combating these feelings of isolation and oppression through the use of storytelling.

This resonates strongly with me. I believe that we are people who thrive on stories, who share and understand the past through stories, who use stories to draw connections between the familiar and the unfamiliar. I really appreciated the essay's view that storytelling has the power to end silence and open minds as well as empower the storyteller to overcome obstacles. I feel that if you are unheard, if you feel your story is not shared by anyone, then you are forced to accept the story that is written for you.

All of this connects strongly to the central ideas of my blog: of working against gender stereotypes and exploring the social constructs of femininity. Women (and men) who feel marginalized or oppressed by social constructs of their gender identity I think often find relief in the arts - by telling their stories verbally or visually - and the availability of these stories for all to experience can only make our society stronger as a whole.

concept map

artists dealing with issues of femininity

These are a few examples of artists who explore issues of femininity and gender stereotypes.

June Wayne
White Knight
Lithograph from the Dorothy Series
1975-1980




Joan Arbeiter
What! Can Anything Be Better Than Tide?
(part of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Girl Fulfilling Society's Limited Expectations Series)
Mixed media
2004




Guerrilla Girls
Do women have to be naked to get into the Met. Museum?
Poster
1989 and 2005 (update)

the crisis of femininity (and masculinity)

A few years ago I had the opportunity to hear Joe Ehrmann speak at a conference. Ehrmann was an All-American football player at Syracuse University, and played in the NFL for 13 years, primarily with the Baltimore Colts. He was selected to play in the 1978 Pro Bowl. Ehrmann now resides in Baltimore and, working with his wife Paula, has founded organizations such as The Door and Building Men and Women for Others which serve needs in the community.

In 1978, Ehrmann's brother Billy died of cancer. Ehrmann shared with us that up until this point, he (Joe) had been comfortable in his understanding of who he was. But as he tried to care for Billy, he found himself completely unprepared - unable to comfort him, and ill-equipped to find words of love or hope. He began to question his assumptions and priorities about his life, and began to wonder what use his experiences had been, if they had not helped him at this most important of moments.

This brings me to the primary subject(s) of this post.

Ehrmann began to theorize that in our society, we are in both a crisis of masculinity and a crisis of femininity. Examining his own experiences, the experiences of others, and social & media expectations, he came up with a list of the "three lies" which are projected about each gender.

Lies About What it Means to Be a Man:

1. Masculinity is defined by your size, strength, and athletic ability.
2. Masculinity is defined by sexual conquest of women.
3. Masculinity is defined by economic success.

Ehrmann explained that, while trying to comfort his brother, he had been in possession of these supposed definitions of masculinity - and yet had never felt less "manly" or fulfilled or actualized. All of these supposedly essential achievements became meaningless when he was confronted by a true challenge. What use, then, are these characteristics in the grand schemes of our lives? And yet, when we examine the males held up in movies, sports, and pop culture, many of them are largely defined by these three lies; and many boys grow up fearful that not meeting these "requirements" will result in ostracization.

Lies About What it Means to Be a Woman:

1. Femininity is defined by your beauty and body type.
2. To be feminine, you must be deferring, polite, silent, and not smart. You must manipulate to have your needs met, as though you cannot ask.
3. Femininity means that you need a man to complete you.

When I (caro) examine the females most often held up in pop culture, they fit these detrimental characteristics. Girls in early elementary school often unfortunately feel the pressures of appearance and beauty, as well as the pressures to be concerned about boyfriends, etc. Female characters, arguably, who might be described as outspoken, intelligent, independent, or "not a traditional beauty" are probably relegated to the sidelines, to be the friend of the main character, the class brain, or the one that bosses everyone around. Even worse, they are the girl who gets a makeover, and turns out to be beautiful after all - it turns out that all the wonderful qualities she had before are much less meaningful than the necessity for a female to be beautiful.

Thankfully, there are many wonderful, inspirational exceptions to these "lie-based" norms out there in our world. But I worry that the problem is much deeper, and more firmly embedded in our culture than we might think.

Your thoughts? I encourage any comments or reactions, as these are subjects I am looking forward to discussing.

image response to readings

Our readings brought to my mind the work of Frank D. Robinson, Jr., a Memphis-based artist who uses and manipulates objects collected from his surroundings to create community-oriented works of art.

This shrine-like image is a photograph I took in the artist's studio. Upon close examination, one can notice details such as the word "believe" written on a toddler's shoe, which sits on top of a box of Uncle Ben's rice. Messages of hope and biblical verses contrast with the very materials from which they are made: razor blades, trash, and discarded bottles.